Saeed BI, Xicang Z, Yawson AE. Impact of socioeconomic status and medical conditions on health and healthcare utilization among aging Ghanaians. BMC Public Health. 2015;1:1–9.
Hutton D. Older people in emergencies: Considerations for action and policy development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
World Health Organization. The World Health Report – Health system financing. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
Atnafu DD, Tilahun H, Alemu YM. Community-based health insurance and healthcare service utilisation, North-West, Ethiopia: a comparative, cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(8):e019613.
Msuya JM, Jütting JP, Asfaw A. Impact of community health funds on the access to health care: empirical evidence from rural Tanzania. Int J Public Admin. 2007;30(8–9):813–33.
Kangmennaang J, Mkandawire P, Luginaah I. What prevents men aged 40–64 years from prostate cancer screening in Namibia?. J Cancer Epidemiol. 2016;2016. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jce/2016/7962502/.
Duku SK, van Dullemen CE, Fenenga C. Does health insurance premium exemption policy for older people increase access to health care? Evidence from Ghana. J Aging Soc Policy. 2015;27(4):331–47.
Escobar M-L, Griffin CC, Shaw RP. Impact of health insurance in low- and middle-income countries. Washington (DC): Brookings Institution Press; 2010.
Tungu M, Joseph Amani P, Hurtig A-K, Dennis Kiwara A, Mwangu M, Lindholm L, et al. Does health insurance contribute to improved utilization of health care services for the elderly in rural Tanzania? A cross-sectional study. Glob Health Action. 2020;13(1):1841962. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1841962.
Spaan E, Mathijssen J, Tromp N, McBain F, Have AT, Baltussen R. The impact of health insurance in Africa and Asia: a systematic review. Bull World Health Org. 2012;90:685–92.
Fenny AP, Kusi A, Arhinful DK, Asante FA. Factors contributing to low uptake and renewal of health insurance: a qualitative study in Ghana. Glob Health Res Policy. 2016;1(1):1.
Fiestas Navarrete L, Ghislandi S, Stuckler D, Tediosi F. Inequalities in the benefits of national health insurance on financial protection from out-of-pocket payments and access to health services: cross-sectional evidence from Ghana. Health Policy Plann. 2019;34(9):694–705.
White F. Primary health care and public health: foundations of universal health systems. Med Princ Pract. 2015;24(2):103–16.
Mostert S, Njuguna F, Burgt RH Van der, et al. Health-care providers’ perspectives on health-insurance access, waiving procedures, and hospital detention practices in Kenya. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018;65(8):e27221.
Sieverding M, Onyango C, Suchman L. Private healthcare provider experiences with social health insurance schemes: findings from a qualitative study in Ghana and Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(2):e0192973.
Dalinjong PA, Laar AS. The national health insurance scheme: perceptions and experiences of health care providers and clients in two districts of Ghana. Health Econ Rev. 2012;2(1):1–3.
Carapinha JL, Ross-Degnan D, Desta AT, Wagner AK. Health insurance systems in five Sub-Saharan African countries: medicine benefits and data for decision-making. Health Policy. 2011;99(3):193–202.
Amani PJ, Tungu M, Hurtig A-K, Kiwara AD, Frumence G, San SM. Responsiveness of health care services towards the elderly in Tanzania: does health insurance make a difference? A cross-sectional study. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01270-9.
Mtei G, Makawia S, Ally M, Kuwawenaruwa A, Meheus F, Borghi J. Who pays and who benefits from health care? An assessment of equity in health care financing and benefit distribution in Tanzania. Health Policy Plan. 2012;27(suppl 1):i23-34.
Macha J, et al. Determinants of community health fund membership in Tanzania: a mixed methods analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14(1):538.
The World Population Prospects: 2015 Revision | Latest Major Publications – United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-2015-revision.html.
Borghi J, Maluka S, Kuwawenaruwa A, et al. Promoting universal financial protection: a case study of new management of community health insurance in Tanzania. Health Res Policy Syst. 2013;11(1):1.
Chomi EN, Mujinja PGM, Enemark U, Hansen K, Kiwara AD. Health care seeking behaviour and utilisation in a multiple health insurance system: does insurance affiliation matter? Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:25.
Marwa B, et al. Feasibility of introducing compulsory community health fund in low resource countries: views from the communities in Liwale district of Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13(1):1–7.
Kapologwe NA, Kibusi SM, Borghi J, Gwajima DO, Kalolo A. Assessing health system responsiveness in primary health care facilities in Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):104.
Kamuzora P, Gilson L. Factors influencing implemen- tation of the community health fund in Tanzania. Health Policy Plan. 2007;22:95–102.
Ndomba T, Maluka S. Uptake of community health fund: why is Mtwara district lagging behind? J Glob Health Sci. 2019;1(2).
Chomi EN, Mujinja PG, Enemark U, Hansen K, Kiwara AD. Risk distribution across multiple health insurance funds in rural Tanzania. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;18(1):350.
NBS Tanzania (National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania). 2012 Population and housing census: population distribution by administrative areas. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Finance; 2013.
Renggli S, Mayumana I, Mshana C, Mboya D, Kessy F, Tediosi F, et al. Looking at the bigger picture: how the wider health financing context affects the implementation of the Tanzanian community health funds. Health Policy Plann. 2019;34(1):12–23.
Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today. 2004;24(2):105–12.
Morse JM, Field PA. Qualitative research methods for health professionals. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1995.
Kibusi SM, Sunguya BF, Kimunai E, Hines CS. Health insurance is important in improving maternal health service utilization in Tanzania—analysis of the 2011/2012 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and malaria indicator survey. Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):112.
Wang W, Temsah G, Mallick L. The impact of health insurance on maternal health care utilization: evidence from Ghana Indonesia and Rwanda. Health Policy Plann. 2017;32(3):366–75.
Duku SKO, Nketiah-Amponsah E, Janssens W, Pradhan M. Perceptions of healthcare quality in Ghana: does health insurance status matter? PLoS ONE. 2018;13(1):e0190911.
Dake FA. Examining equity in health insurance coverage: an analysis of Ghana’s national health insurance scheme. Int J Equity Health. 2018;17(1):1.
Parmar D, De Allegri M, Savadogo G, Sauerborn R. Do community-based health insurance schemes fulfil the promise of equity? A study from Burkina Faso. Health Policy Planni. 2014;29(1):76–84.
Sirili N, Kiwara A, Nyongole O, Frumence G, Semakafu A, Hurtig AK. Addressing the human resource for health crisis in Tanzania: the lost in transition syndrome. Tanzanian J Health Res. 2014;16(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v16i2.6.
Kwesigabo G, Mwangu MA, Kakoko DC, et al. Tanzania’s health system and workforce crisis. J Public Health Policy. 2012;33(1):S35-44.
Munishi V. Assessment of user fee system: implementation of exemption and waiver mechanisms in Tanzania: successes and challenges. University of Cape Town. 2010. Available at https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/11236. Accessed 16 Jan 2021.
Maluka SO. Why are pro-poor exemption policies in Tanzania better implemented in some districts than in others? Int J Equity Health. 2013;12(1):1–9.
Kapologwe NA, Kalolo A, Kibusi SM, et al. Understanding the implementation of direct health facility financing and its effect on health system performance in Tanzania: a non-controlled before and after mixed method study protocol. Health Res Policy Syst. 2019;17(1):1–3.
Swere KMR. Challenges hindering the accessibility of Tanzania’s health service: a literature review. Int J Econ Finance. 2016;8(8):242.
Kirigia JM, Preker A, Carrin G, Mwikisa C, Diarra-Nama AJ. An overview of health financing patterns and the way forward in the WHO African Region. East Afr Med J. 2006;83(9):S1-28.
Kirigia JM, Barry SP. Health challenges in Africa and the way forward. BMC Int Arch Med. 2008;1:27.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). The Community Health Fund Act, 1. 2001. Dar es Salaam. Government Printer.
Carrin G, Waelkens M-P, Criel B. Community-based health insurance in developing countries: a study of its contribution to the performance of health financing systems. Trop Med Int Health. 2005;10(8):799–811.
Sodzi-Tettey S, Aikins M, Awoonor-Williams JK, Agyepong IA. Challenges in provider payment under the Ghana national health insurance scheme: a case study of claims management in two districts. Ghana Med J. 2012;46(4):189.
Fusheini A, Marnoch G, Gray AM. Implementation challenges of the national health insurance scheme in selected districts in Ghana: evidence from the field. Int J Public Admin. 2017;40(5):416–26.
